영어 문법: 현재/과거/미래
영어 현재 문법
1. 12시제의 동사 형태
| 과거 | 현재 | 미래 | |
| 기본 (단순) 시제 | worked | work(s) | will work |
| 진행 시제 (be + ~ing) | working | sorking | will be working |
| 완료 시제 (have + ~ed) | had worked | worked | will have worked |
(have + been + ~ing) | working | working | working |
2. 현재
▶동사의 형태: 주어가 3인칭, 단수일 때 -> 원형동사 + (e)s
walks / goes, does/ marches, kisses, washes / studies / enjoys
be -> is / have -> has
cf.) cans (x), can (O)
▶현재의 사실 (동작, 상태)
An old woman crosses the street.
It is Monday today.
▶현재의 습관 (일상적 반복 행위)
*always, every morning, twice a week 등의 부사가 자주 쓰인다.
I get up early every morning
He washes his hair twice a week.
▶불변의 사실 (진리, 사물의 일반적 특성, 속담)
The sun rises in the east.
Gas expands when (it is) heated.
The early bird catches the worm.
▶시간이나 조건의 부사절에서는 미래의 뜻도 반드시 현재로 나타내야 한다.
I will start when he arrives here. (시간)
I will go out if the rain stops. (조건)
cf.) Do you know when he will arrive here?
cf.) I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.
▶미래 대용: 왕(往), 래(來), 발(發), 착(着), 시작, 종료 동사의 경우
He goes to Europe next month.
My father returns from Europe next week.
School begins next Monday.
영어 과거 문법
▶동사의 형태
1) 규칙형
: 원형 동사 + ed: gained, walked, demanded, wanted 등
2) 불규칙형
:begin -> began / get -> got / bring -> brought / break -> broke / take -> took 등
be -> was, were / have -> had / can -> could
▶과거의 사실 (동작, 상태, 역사)
An old woman crossed the street.
It was Sunday yesterday.
Columbus discovered America in 1492.
▶과거의 습관 (일상적 반복 행위)
I got up early every morning those days.
He washed his hair twice a week those days.
cf.) 조동사 표현
I used to go to the library after school. (규칙적)
He would often take a walk in the afternoon. (불규칙적)
▶현재완료시제의 대용 (대체로 ever, never, before 등과 함께)
Did you ever read the novel? (=Have you ever read the novel?)
This is the best picture that I ever took. (=that I have ever taken.)
영어 미래 문법
▶동사의 형태: Shall[will] + 원형 동사
shall[will] go (O) / shalls[will] go (x) / shall [will] goes (x)
shan't = shall not / won't = will not / 주어'll = 주어 will / shall
▶미래의 종류
1) 단순미래: 의지에 관계없이 자연현상, 필요, 사정의 변화 등에 좌우되는 일반적 개념의 미래
I shall be twenty years old enxt month.
You will fell better after a rest.
He will pass the exam this time.
Shall I get there in time if I start now? -> Yes, you will.
When will / shall you be free?
Will he get over his cancer? -> Yes, he will.
2)의지미래: 화자나 청자의 의지를 나타냄
I will go there whatever happens.
You shall have higher wage if you work hard.
He shall look after you while I am away.
Shall I open the door? -> Yes please.
Will you show me the way to the station? (부탁) -> Sure.
Won't you try some cookies? (권유) -> Thank you. /No, thank you.
Shall he type this letter for you? -> Yes, let him do so.
▶shall[will]을 쓰지 않은 미래 표현
1) be going to 원형동사
The ice is going to arack.
My father is going to buy a new car.
2) be about to 원형동사
The film is about to start.
cf.) He was about to leave his house when the phone rang.
영어 완료 시제 문법
▶동사의 형태: have[has] / had / will[shall] have + 과거분사
have worked
had worked
had had (have의 과거완료형)
will have worked
▶현재완료
-완료 : He has just finished a long speech.
cf.) He finished a long speech just now.
just now는 '조금 전'의 뜻으로 과거동사와 쓰임
-계속 : I have taught English for ten years.
cf.) I taught English for ten years.
I teach English at a high school.
-경험 : Have you seen him before?
->Yes, I have.
cf.) When did you see him?
_> I saw him a few months ago.
-결과 : I have lost my passport.
-> So, I don't have it now.의 뜻
▶already와 yet
Have you finished the work yet? (벌써?)
Yes, I have already (finished the work 생략)
No, I haven't yet. (=No, not yet.)
*already: 긍정문
yet: 부정문, 의문문
▶since: 이후로 지금까지 계속
'현재완료시제'의 주절 + since + '과거'를 나타내는 명사의 절
He has been ill since last Wednesday. ('과거' 명사)
He has been ill since she left. ('과거시제' 절)
cf.) He was ill after she left.
▶He has been to[in] America. (경험 '~가본 적 있다' 지금 한국)
He has gone to America. (결과 '~에 가버렸다' 지금 미국)
▶과거 완료
완료: He had finished the work when she came.
계속: I could get the book / which I had long wanted to read.
경험: I had read many geography books before I first traveled abroad.
결과: I had lost my watch when I left the train.
▶미래 완료
완료: He will have finished the work by six o'clock.
계속 He will have lived here for ten years next year.
경험 if I read Hamlet again, I will have read it three times.
결과: He will have left for New York / when she comes back to him.
영어 문법 진행 시제
▶동사의 형태
am[are/is]/was, were/will[shall] be + 현재분사
have[has]/had / will[shall] have + been + 현재분사
▶기본 예문
I am studying now (현재 진행)
I was studying then(과거 진행)
Come again an hour later, and he will be waiting for you. (미래진행)
I have been waiting for him for two hours. (현재완료진행)
I had been waiting for him for two hours when he came. (과거완료진행)
It will have been raining for three days tomorrow. (미래완료진행)
▶특수 용법
1) 일시적 상황
A strange man is standing at the door. (일시적 상황)
cf.) A decent house stands on the hill.
2) 가까운 미래
They are leaving Korea tomorrow.
"Bill, come over here right now." -> "Yes, Mom, I am coming soon."
▶진행시제로 나타낼 수 없는 동사: 일반적으로 상태를 나타내는 동사
-be동사류의 2형식 동사들:
resemble, like, dislike, differ, contain, consist of[in], exist, see, hear, think, believe, know, have(소유), belong to 등
ex)
He is resembling his father (x)
I am liking your daughter (x)
My opinion is differing from yours. (x)
Pork is containing much fat. (x)
Are you seeing the house ever there? (x)
cf.) I am just seeing my friend off. (O)
I am thinking that he is right (x)
I am having many books. (x)
cf.) I am having breakfast now. (O)
I am knowing that it is important. (x)
This house is belonging to me (x)
영어 문법 시제의 일치
▶기본 예문
I think that she likes me
-> I thought that she liked me.
I think that he stole my money.
-> I thought that he had stolen my money.
We believe that he can do it himself.
->We believed that he could do it himself.
▶병치 구문: 같은 시점의 사건은 같은 시제로 나타냄
She got up and goes out of the cafe (x)
She got up and went out of the cafe. (O)
▶시제 일치의 예외
1) 불변의 진리, 속담 격언 등: 현재시제
Theancient people didn't know that the earth is round.
My teeacher said that honesty is the best policy.
2) 현재에도 사실인 것: 현재시제
She said that she goes to church on Sundays.
3) 역사적 사실: 과거시제
I know / knew that Columbus discovered America.